Nobody could imagine that physics and chemistry class addresses topics of interest. One can enter the classroom to be a naive and out with enough general knowledge to defend this rogue company. It all starts with the hydrostatic pressure (the pressure exerted by liquid on a body placed inside. It manifests itself in all the submerged body surface, with the emergence of perpendicular forces him to compress it. p = D • g • h). The SI unit of pressure is the pascal:
But ... What counts as a pascal (pa)?
The kilopascals (kPa) is a unit of pressure equivalent to 1 000 pascales.El hectopascal (hPa) is a unit of pressure equivalent to 100 pascals. It is used by the equivalence with the millibar . The megapascals (MPa), ie 10 6 , equivalent to N / mm 2 . It is generally used to calculation of foundations and structures resistant sections, where the resistance often occur in N / mm 2 and tensions or efforts on the ground in MPa.
But ... What counts as a pascal (pa)?
The kilopascals (kPa) is a unit of pressure equivalent to 1 000 pascales.El hectopascal (hPa) is a unit of pressure equivalent to 100 pascals. It is used by the equivalence with the millibar . The megapascals (MPa), ie 10 6 , equivalent to N / mm 2 . It is generally used to calculation of foundations and structures resistant sections, where the resistance often occur in N / mm 2 and tensions or efforts on the ground in MPa.
a very small unit for everyday life. 1 Pa is approximately the pressure exerted by a layer of one tenth of an inch of water on the surface on which rests (subject to gravity at Earth's surface). A drop in pressure can rest of 25 Pa, a standing person can make a ground pressure of about 15 000 Pa, and the water pressure in an urban network can be of 500 000 Pa. To prevent the number of zeros is recommended MPa using the unit, but for many common applications (engineering, foundations, etc) is rather large, and measures required to carry decimal MPa. For this reason are still using the old drive kg / cm 2 , which amounts to about ten times lower than MPa, or bar equal to 100 kPa.
And ... a bar? What is it?
No, no is a local beverages are released are usually taken standing at the counter.
bar is called a unit of pressure equivalent to one million barias , roughly one atmosphere (1 atm). Its symbol is "bar." The word bar has its origin in baros, which in Greek means weight.
No, no is a local beverages are released are usually taken standing at the counter.
bar is called a unit of pressure equivalent to one million barias , roughly one atmosphere (1 atm). Its symbol is "bar." The word bar has its origin in baros, which in Greek means weight.
atmospheric pressure is usually given in millibars, and the normal pressure at sea level is considered equal to 1013.2 millibars. units of International System of Units , pressure is measured in pascals, even when Atmospheric pressure is often used hectopascal equivalent to millibars (1000 mb = 1000 hPa).
1 bar = 100 000 Pa = 1000 hPa = 100 kPa = 100 kN / m 2 = 1.02 kg / cm 2
1 atm ≈ 1 bar = 1.01325 bar
1 bar = 14 50 lbs / inch 2 (lb / in 2)
1 atm = 760 mm Hg
What is the meaning of acronyms PSI?
The pound-force per square inch , better known as psi (the English p ounds per s quare i nch) is a unit of pressure in Anglo-Saxon units. The most common scale is measured in psi , whose zero is the ambient pressure, equivalent to an atmosphere (ie 15 psi approx.) In general you do not specify that the air pressure is neglected and is called simply psi or psig (gauge psi : 'psi gauge'). However when necessary to clarify that takes into account the pressure environment, is used psia (psi absolute : 'psi absolute') which is actually zero at zero pressure and the first 15 pounds of this scale correspond to atmospheric pressure
The pound-force per square inch , better known as psi (the English p ounds per s quare i nch) is a unit of pressure in Anglo-Saxon units. The most common scale is measured in psi , whose zero is the ambient pressure, equivalent to an atmosphere (ie 15 psi approx.) In general you do not specify that the air pressure is neglected and is called simply psi or psig (gauge psi : 'psi gauge'). However when necessary to clarify that takes into account the pressure environment, is used psia (psi absolute : 'psi absolute') which is actually zero at zero pressure and the first 15 pounds of this scale correspond to atmospheric pressure
1 psi = 6894 Pascal = 6.8948 kPa (kilopascals)
1 pascal = 0.000145 psi
a kg / cm 2 = 3.223 psi
1 psi = 0.07039 kg / cm 2
After his explanation and examples for implementing the fundamental principle of fluid statics, came the question of the Coca-Cola. The May 8 1886 of was formulated by pharmacist John Pemberton as a drug to the brain and nerves. Published descriptions mention it, or containing, sugar crystals , candy, caffeine , phosphoric acid, carbonated water, extract kola nut extract, of lime , blends flavors, vanilla and glycerol . The name of the secret ingredient in Coca-Cola is Merchandise 7X, and apparently remained a secret since its formulation. [] The alleged formula had several changes and Coca-Cola reluctantly admits the formula has changed over the decades. [] Taste basic Cola Coca-Cola and colas of its competitors, is the result of a blend of citrus flavors as orange, lime and lemon and spices cinnamon, nutmeg and vanilla . All concluded that the secret formula is used as a marketing strategy, because with a simple chemical analysis know their components.
Then we gave a problem on the law of universal gravitation, in which one of the data indicated the distance that the Earth was the star "Betelgeuse", 300 light-years. Then look for information on this unknown star:
Betelgeuse, also called α Orionis or HIP 27989, is a brilliant red star in the constellation of Orion . It is the ninth brightest star in the sky and is an intrinsically large and bright object, because it is a red supergiant . The main color of this star comes from the low surface temperatures (around 3000 K ). The evolutionary state star is advanced, has already passed the stage of his life, the main sequence , exhausted the fuel in its core that gave him energy (fusion of hydrogen ), after which it increased in size to the huge current dimensions. Variations luminosity are those of their present as gigante.Betelgeuse star is a supergiant star, which is why its brightness is so high despite having a relatively low surface temperature. Despite being the star α Ori, is not the brightest of the constellation in visible light, but Rigel (β Orionis), but red and near-infrared light, it is the most Betelgeuse brillante.El name is a corruption of the Arabic word يد الجوزا (transcribed as yad al-Jawz, or 'the hand of Jauzé'), being Jauzé a female mythological figure, initially identified by the ancient Arabs in the sky with Gemini and later associated with the constellation of Orion. During the Middle Ages , when the star's name was transcribed into Latin , the first Arabic character, "Ya '(ي) sound" and "was misinterpreted as a" Ba "(ب ) of "b" sound, probably because the Arabic script allows Ya alter your script at the beginning of speech, and "Yad al-Jauzé" became "Bedalgeuze." Later, during the Renaissance, there was speculation among Western scholars the original name would have been "Bait al-Jauzé" whose meaning was intended to be "shoulder Jauzé" in Arabic , which led to the current form "Betelgeuse", yet the right way " shoulder "in Arabic would ابط (" IBT "). It is also common in Castilian as Betelgeuse .
Betelgeuse was the first star whose diameter could be accurately measured using interferometric techniques being this variable and ranged between 290 and 480 million kilometers. At its maximum size the star would extend beyond the orbit of Mars. Its mass is 20 times the mass of the Sun and its size is 40 million times. Astrophysicists predict that Betelgeuse will explode as a supernova type II at the end of his life. Some of them claim, based on the variability shown by the star, such an explosion could occur within very close time (in the next thousand years). Other astrophysicists are more conservative and think it could continue its current activity during a period much recent mayor.Estudios show that during the last fifteen years, the diameter of Betelgeuse has shrunk by 15%, without knowing the reasons for this phenomenon. [] Other shows that have a somewhat ovalada.El Betelgeuse disk has been resolved by using the telescope VLT, showing the best image we have of the star to date [ ] Betelgeuse, finally, is a fugitive star has been expelled from the Orion OB1 stellar association .
Astronomers predict that Betelgeuse will become, finally, in a supernova of Type II, although it is possible that its mass is low enough to leave behind a white dwarf rare of oxygen and neon , not a neutron star . Opinions are divided on how long it will take place this event: although Betelgeuse is about the age of 10 million years, but due to its large mass has evolved rapidly some say that the current variability of the star indicate that it is in phase burning carbon of their life cycle and, therefore, operate in a point of the next 1000 years. Skeptics disagree with this estimate and believe that the star could survive much longer, by around 10 000 years. The event will in any case, spectacular though it is unclear whether it will have significant impact on the life on our planet, Betelgeuse found near the limit of distance which cosmic rays can significantly affect the ozone layer. [] At that time, Betelgeuse shine at least 10 000 times more than an ordinary supernova, with the brightness of the Moon in crescent. Some sources predict a maximum magnitude apparent that of the full moon, lasting several months. It would be an extremely bright in the sky, being observed even during the day. After this period, would gradually extinguished until, after months or even years, was invaluable to the naked eye. Orion's right shoulder disappear until after a few centuries, will be held in a splendid place nebula. Notably, in 1980 , a team of archaeologists discovered some Chinese reports century referring to the color of Betelgeuse as a white or yellow. However, Ptolemy in year a letter 150 the categorized as red star (but also categorizes Sirius as red, although it is white). Therefore, Fang Lizhi, an astrophysicist Chinese proposes that Betelgeuse could have turned into a red giant during that period. It is known that stars change color when it expelled a surface layer of dust and gas (layer, even now, may be away from Betelgeuse). Thus, if this theory is true, it is unlikely that Betelgeuse supernova becomes soon, because a star usually stays a red giant for tens of thousands of years.
Betelgeuse, also called α Orionis or HIP 27989, is a brilliant red star in the constellation of Orion . It is the ninth brightest star in the sky and is an intrinsically large and bright object, because it is a red supergiant . The main color of this star comes from the low surface temperatures (around 3000 K ). The evolutionary state star is advanced, has already passed the stage of his life, the main sequence , exhausted the fuel in its core that gave him energy (fusion of hydrogen ), after which it increased in size to the huge current dimensions. Variations luminosity are those of their present as gigante.Betelgeuse star is a supergiant star, which is why its brightness is so high despite having a relatively low surface temperature. Despite being the star α Ori, is not the brightest of the constellation in visible light, but Rigel (β Orionis), but red and near-infrared light, it is the most Betelgeuse brillante.El name is a corruption of the Arabic word يد الجوزا (transcribed as yad al-Jawz, or 'the hand of Jauzé'), being Jauzé a female mythological figure, initially identified by the ancient Arabs in the sky with Gemini and later associated with the constellation of Orion. During the Middle Ages , when the star's name was transcribed into Latin , the first Arabic character, "Ya '(ي) sound" and "was misinterpreted as a" Ba "(ب ) of "b" sound, probably because the Arabic script allows Ya alter your script at the beginning of speech, and "Yad al-Jauzé" became "Bedalgeuze." Later, during the Renaissance, there was speculation among Western scholars the original name would have been "Bait al-Jauzé" whose meaning was intended to be "shoulder Jauzé" in Arabic , which led to the current form "Betelgeuse", yet the right way " shoulder "in Arabic would ابط (" IBT "). It is also common in Castilian as Betelgeuse .
Betelgeuse was the first star whose diameter could be accurately measured using interferometric techniques being this variable and ranged between 290 and 480 million kilometers. At its maximum size the star would extend beyond the orbit of Mars. Its mass is 20 times the mass of the Sun and its size is 40 million times. Astrophysicists predict that Betelgeuse will explode as a supernova type II at the end of his life. Some of them claim, based on the variability shown by the star, such an explosion could occur within very close time (in the next thousand years). Other astrophysicists are more conservative and think it could continue its current activity during a period much recent mayor.Estudios show that during the last fifteen years, the diameter of Betelgeuse has shrunk by 15%, without knowing the reasons for this phenomenon. [] Other shows that have a somewhat ovalada.El Betelgeuse disk has been resolved by using the telescope VLT, showing the best image we have of the star to date [ ] Betelgeuse, finally, is a fugitive star has been expelled from the Orion OB1 stellar association .
Astronomers predict that Betelgeuse will become, finally, in a supernova of Type II, although it is possible that its mass is low enough to leave behind a white dwarf rare of oxygen and neon , not a neutron star . Opinions are divided on how long it will take place this event: although Betelgeuse is about the age of 10 million years, but due to its large mass has evolved rapidly some say that the current variability of the star indicate that it is in phase burning carbon of their life cycle and, therefore, operate in a point of the next 1000 years. Skeptics disagree with this estimate and believe that the star could survive much longer, by around 10 000 years. The event will in any case, spectacular though it is unclear whether it will have significant impact on the life on our planet, Betelgeuse found near the limit of distance which cosmic rays can significantly affect the ozone layer. [] At that time, Betelgeuse shine at least 10 000 times more than an ordinary supernova, with the brightness of the Moon in crescent. Some sources predict a maximum magnitude apparent that of the full moon, lasting several months. It would be an extremely bright in the sky, being observed even during the day. After this period, would gradually extinguished until, after months or even years, was invaluable to the naked eye. Orion's right shoulder disappear until after a few centuries, will be held in a splendid place nebula. Notably, in 1980 , a team of archaeologists discovered some Chinese reports century referring to the color of Betelgeuse as a white or yellow. However, Ptolemy in year a letter 150 the categorized as red star (but also categorizes Sirius as red, although it is white). Therefore, Fang Lizhi, an astrophysicist Chinese proposes that Betelgeuse could have turned into a red giant during that period. It is known that stars change color when it expelled a surface layer of dust and gas (layer, even now, may be away from Betelgeuse). Thus, if this theory is true, it is unlikely that Betelgeuse supernova becomes soon, because a star usually stays a red giant for tens of thousands of years.
Then, we answer the questions that had arisen in class Betelgeuse following:
What is the farthest star or constellation of Earth?
For an answer, after investigating, found:
discovered the farthest galaxy from Earth
What is the farthest star or constellation of Earth?
For an answer, after investigating, found:
discovered the farthest galaxy from Earth
The closest stars to the origins of the Universe's history. (Swissinfo)
A Swiss-French team discovered 13.2 billion light years from earth, the most distant galaxy yet observed.
Abell 1835 IR1916 was captured by the European Space Observatory (ESO) in Paranal, in Northern Chile.
;
The discovery was made by the French Midi-Pyrénées Observatory (OMP), the Astrophysics Laboratory of Toulouse-Tarbes and the Geneva University Observatory.
stars, barely visible, were discovered through the giant telescope European Southern Observatory (ESO) on Paranal in northern Chile.
Daniel Schaerer, a scientist at the Geneva Observatory, was among a group of astrophysicists who participated in this discovery. The finding powdered
previous record of 750 million light years after the birth of the universe, announced just two weeks ago by an international team in Seattle.
"It's a team effort, which started 3 years ago with colleagues in Toulouse. A member of our group worked in Chile, while in Toulouse we analyzed the information provided by the telescope in real time, "said Daniel Schaerer, told swissinfo.
stars, barely visible, were discovered through the giant telescope European Southern Observatory (ESO) on Paranal in northern Chile.
Daniel Schaerer, a scientist at the Geneva Observatory, was among a group of astrophysicists who participated in this discovery. The finding powdered
previous record of 750 million light years after the birth of the universe, announced just two weeks ago by an international team in Seattle.
"It's a team effort, which started 3 years ago with colleagues in Toulouse. A member of our group worked in Chile, while in Toulouse we analyzed the information provided by the telescope in real time, "said Daniel Schaerer, told swissinfo.
We are stardust
"This spring will go back to the telescope in the direction of the galaxy, to try to discover the chemical composition of stars that form," says Daniel Schaerer.
According to the Swiss astrophysicist, the first stars after Big Bang (original explosion) had between 100 and 200 light million light years after the explosion that started the universe.
try to see if these stars contain only basic elements, helium and hydrogen, or consisting of heavier elements, "he said.
This is a very important issue, namely what were the elements that made up the first stars, because out came the composition of the whole universe, including humans.
According to the Swiss astrophysicist, the first stars after Big Bang (original explosion) had between 100 and 200 light million light years after the explosion that started the universe.
try to see if these stars contain only basic elements, helium and hydrogen, or consisting of heavier elements, "he said.
This is a very important issue, namely what were the elements that made up the first stars, because out came the composition of the whole universe, including humans.
At the beginning of history, the universe
According to a theory known, the farther a celestial object is from Earth, is closer to red in the electromagnetic spectrum.
Abell 1835 IR1916, is the identification of the newly discovered galaxy, showed to be closer to red, ie the date that the explosion took place boasts original (Big Bang), makes 13.7 billion light years.
It was also noted that Abell has a mass 10 000 times lower than that of Earth, a sign that it is a galaxy formation, which subsequently merged with other small galaxies and gave birth to a giant galaxy.
Abell 1835 IR1916, is the identification of the newly discovered galaxy, showed to be closer to red, ie the date that the explosion took place boasts original (Big Bang), makes 13.7 billion light years.
It was also noted that Abell has a mass 10 000 times lower than that of Earth, a sign that it is a galaxy formation, which subsequently merged with other small galaxies and gave birth to a giant galaxy.
The end of the age of darkness
Almost immediately after the Big Bang, the universe was plunged into darkness. During this period no star managed to illuminate the vastness of space.
few million years later, after the first stars and galaxies began to produce ultraviolet light. It was the beginning of what is known as "cosmic renaissance". Abell
is therefore one of the first stars that shone after the era of darkness and has been observed so far.
And the closest to Earth?
discover interesting articles like the one we propose:
few million years later, after the first stars and galaxies began to produce ultraviolet light. It was the beginning of what is known as "cosmic renaissance". Abell
is therefore one of the first stars that shone after the era of darkness and has been observed so far.
And the closest to Earth?
discover interesting articles like the one we propose:
Nearest Star
Life on Earth thanks to the Sun, which keeps our planet at a habitable temperature, provides energy for plant photosynthesis, and from there to all living beings. The distance between Earth and the Sun is 150 million miles, close enough for day our sky is completely dominated by sunlight and only we realize the stars at night. We know that all the other stars are much further away from us, as even the brightest are but a few points in the dark night sky. But how far are the nearest stars to the Sun? The nearest star to the solar system is Proxima Centauri, about 40,000,000,000,000 kilometers (40 million million). The distances between the stars are so large that astronomers prefer to measure them in light years, and instead of miles. Light travels at a speed of 300.000 miles per second, enough to give him seven and a half laps to Earth in one second. Thus, the light takes 1.2 seconds to reach the Moon, about 8 minutes to reach the Sun and 4 or 5 hours at Neptune and Pluto, the farthest planet in the solar system. Even at this enormous speed, light takes a little over 4 years to travel from Proxima Centauri to us, and we say that is about 4 light-years. If we consider that our galaxy is about 100,000 light-years, we realize that Proxima Centauri is actually a neighboring star to the Sun Despite being the nearest star, Proxima Centauri is a dwarf star and not visible to the naked eye. Proxima Centauri is part of a triple system, ie a group of three stars: Alpha Centauri A, Alpha Centauri B and Proxima Centauri. At first glance the Alpha Centauri system appears as the third brightest star in the night sky, after Sirius and Canopus. Alpha Centauri A is a sun-like star in color, brightness and size, while Alpha Centauri B is a bit smaller. Proxima Centauri, discovered by chance in 1915, is thousands of times weaker than their peers. Most nearby stars are much smaller than our Sun, in fact too little light as to be perceived with the naked eye. These small stars, cold, less light is known as red dwarfs. Of about 50 stars that are within 17 light years from the Sun can only see six or seven of them glance. The most prominent of these is Sirius, the brightest star of the night. Sirius is actually a system of two stars located at 8.6 light years away from the Sun: the star is 23 times more luminous than the Sun, the smaller star is a white dwarf, a very dense star with a mass similar to the sun contained in a volume similar to Earth. Despite Nuesto dominate the night sky, Sirius is not an exceptionally bright star, Deneb, located at 1,800 light-years is 30 times less bright than Sirius, but is actually 400,000 times more luminous than Sirius. Scientists devote considerable effort to study the stars in the solar neighborhood, which provides information of special value. For example, smaller stars, red dwarfs can only be detected some distance, the detailed census of the stars near the Sun gives us an idea of \u200b\u200bhow many stars of each type exist in our galaxy, also close to bright stars Sun can be studied in greater detail than most distant stars, allowing for example the search for planetary systems. A few years ago it was discovered that the star Vega, one of the brightest in the sky, is surrounded by a ring of gas, most likely where planets are forming. Even the nearest stars in the sky is much to discover.
then a colleague is fraying a button and then imposed on us the importance of their material. Curiosities marked as noteworthy as the defeat of Napoleon's troops against the Russians: Call
tin plague is a very particular of this chemical element, which has a high sensitivity low temperatures. Exposed to the influence of these, they are "sick." Instead of silvery white becomes gray, increases volume (about 26%), begins to crumble and often turns to dust. The terminology used to describe this phenomenon, known for centuries, the plague of tin, and is also sometimes called tin disease leprosy. Tin "sick" can "infect" the sound metal, hence the name of the plague.
tin plague is a very particular of this chemical element, which has a high sensitivity low temperatures. Exposed to the influence of these, they are "sick." Instead of silvery white becomes gray, increases volume (about 26%), begins to crumble and often turns to dust. The terminology used to describe this phenomenon, known for centuries, the plague of tin, and is also sometimes called tin disease leprosy. Tin "sick" can "infect" the sound metal, hence the name of the plague.
tin plague explained knowing that pure tin has two allotropic forms , tin α (gray), powder metal, semiconductor , structure cubic and stable at temperatures below 13.2 ° C, and β tin (white), normal, metallic, electrically conductive , tetragonal structure, stable at temperatures above 13.2 ° C . Α tin is very fragile and has a specific gravity lower than the white form, so that the allotropic transformation α → β is verified with a significant volume reduction. The reverse β → α transformation takes place spontaneously at temperatures below the transition, causing the phenomenon described. This is noticeable by the appearance of gray spots in the white tin, which are brittle to the touch and spread around the room as the transformation is happening, eventually reducing it to dust. Although plague can begin to form at any temperature below 13.2 ° C, most researchers agree that at this temperature the conversion of tin is very slow and that the maximum rate of formation is reached between -30 ° C and -40 ° C.
There are a number of metals that accelerate and others that slow or eliminate the formation of tin pest. Thus, the transformation is accelerated by the presence of impurities (aluminum and zinc), but can be prevented by the addition of bismuth , antimony, lead or other highly soluble metals. On the other hand, the probability of less soluble elements that form intermetallic with tin be able to delete the plague, is smaller. Examples of such metals include silver and, in particular the copper .
Some bodies of medieval European churches collapsed due to the plague of tin. In June 1812 Napoleon went to France with his troops. In December, when Moscow withdrew from had lost more than half a million soldiers. There are many reasons for this defeat, but perhaps the most interesting has to do with tin buttons. Legend has it that in the winter of Russia, its buttons were broken, causing the exposure of soldiers to the intense cold. Although not commonly accepted as a true story because it was likely that the buttons were made of wood, cheaper than tin, is the first contact many people with respect the plague of tin.
definitely we had gone for "Cerros de Úbeda" and we ask where this expression came from, well :
When someone goes through the hills of Úbeda means that either starts to wander (start talking about one thing and end up talking about some very different without come to know very well how we got to that point) or try to avoid answering a direct question, talking about anything not related (strategy perfectly mastered most of the politicians and also known as "out on a tangent" ). In this case it is a historical fact that seems to have been the origin of this expression. It turns out that back in the twelfth century, during the English Reconquista, when the troops of King Ferdinand III were about to attack Úbeda (a city near Baeza, in the province of Jaén), one of the captains of the army disappeared before start the fight and right after the conquest, reappeared. When asked him where he had gone over all the battle he claimed had been lost in the hills of Ubeda and since then this phrase was first associated with cowardice, and shortly after the meaning that I included at the beginning of this post.
The class ended with the sound of the bell indicating the arrival of the recess, when the teacher asked, if by chance we had hand-washing soap ... At that moment sprang a question: How does
soap?
is very simple:
soap was already used since 2800 BC From this period dates a soapy material found in cylinders clay during an archaeological excavation in the city of Babylon. These cylinders had a length describing the process of boiling fats with ashes, old method of soap making. During the Middle Ages When someone goes through the hills of Úbeda means that either starts to wander (start talking about one thing and end up talking about some very different without come to know very well how we got to that point) or try to avoid answering a direct question, talking about anything not related (strategy perfectly mastered most of the politicians and also known as "out on a tangent" ). In this case it is a historical fact that seems to have been the origin of this expression. It turns out that back in the twelfth century, during the English Reconquista, when the troops of King Ferdinand III were about to attack Úbeda (a city near Baeza, in the province of Jaén), one of the captains of the army disappeared before start the fight and right after the conquest, reappeared. When asked him where he had gone over all the battle he claimed had been lost in the hills of Ubeda and since then this phrase was first associated with cowardice, and shortly after the meaning that I included at the beginning of this post.
The class ended with the sound of the bell indicating the arrival of the recess, when the teacher asked, if by chance we had hand-washing soap ... At that moment sprang a question: How does
soap?
is very simple:
soap was a very expensive item, so that their use was limited. Only in the nineteenth century that spread the use of soap in Europe and then in the rest of the world.
Both soaps and detergents are based on the same basis, the difference is that soaps are made from nturales substances such as animal and vegetable fats, while detergents are made from synthetic materials. Soap is basically a salt derived from fat, which is soluble in water. Saponification is the reaction of an alkali plant and animal fats (tallow and oils)
Why is soap?
Because the oil into the home and pulled down the drain ends up in our rivers. Once there is a movie that does not allow the oxygen and kills fish and aquatic plants. One liter of oil pollutes 50,000 liters of water.
Materials needed to make soap:
· Oils used cooking of any kind, soybeans, sunflower seed oil. etc. We must pass it through a fine strainer to remove impurities.
• A plastic Tacho Painting (25 liters)
· Palo wooden revolver.
· plastic molds or tergopol.
• Water.
· Caustic Soda. (Sodium hydroxide).
· salt together.
· Half cup of dishwasher to give flavor to the soap.
HOME HOW TO MAKE SOAP:
1 .- Save the oil used to join two pints.
2 .- Fill a pan with two quarts of water. To make soap loaves of colors can be added to the water coloring cakes.
3 .- In a ventilated area and with the help of a stick, dilute with water half a kilo of caustic soda and a handful of salt. There will be a chemical reaction "exothermic (heat) that requires several hours until cool. Caustic soda is a material that damages the skin when placed in direct contact with her. Therefore it is advisable to wear gloves and goggles. 4 .-
slowly pour oil on the liquid mixture also called caustic lye, stirring continuously (always in the same direction, because otherwise you can "cut" the soap).
mixture is heated with lighter up to the boiling point and held for two hours this treatment for the purposes of producing the "saponification" of fats. This chemical reaction is one which combines the bleach sodium fatty acids from oils to shape a "soluble organic salt," which we know as soap.
If you want to add soap scented herbs or other natural flavors after the mixture under the temperature at 40 º C.
5 .- When the mixture is thick, is poured into molds and allowed to harden for several days. If you are anxious to see as they leave the soaps can accelerate the process by placing some bread in the freezer.
6. Soaps are removed from the molds. You can also place the mixture on a large platter. She was allowed to stand and before you run completely hard cut into pellets with a common shear. To make it more comfortable off the molds they can be covered with flour or oil.
And so ended a lesson in cultural values \u200b\u200bbased on science. only remains to say that science is fun even for those who have not yet discovered. And one could say that it is fashionable. Because science is knowledge ...
! Do not be a fool and dare to know!
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